Stereotypes And Its Impact On Society - 804 Words

Stereotypes are often referenced to provide â€Å"answers† to questions that often need justification. They are used to label and classify how an individual or group of people with generic similarities should act or live based upon their race, gender, appearance, or cultural identity. Every member of society is guilty of stereotyping a group or individual at one point or another; unfortunately, it is â€Å"man’s† way of knowing how to deal with a particular group or person in a singular situation. Although stereotyping is often executed and voiced subconsciously, the exterior act and ramifications are both negative and damaging to the esteem, perception, cultural and humanity of the group judgment is being placed upon. Stereotypes never derive from a positive attribute, and as a result the self-worth and self-esteem of the group or individual being judged can affect their confidence in a negative way. African-American’s as a race and minority are often vie wed as criminals, and although African-American’s consume an ample portion of this statistical data, this does not mean that every African-American falls into this category. Criminals exist in every race, but based on the color of our skin I, as well as other African-American’s, are often pre-judged. At a formal event I recently attended, a Caucasian woman unintentionally left her purse at the table I was seated at to attend to the food display. Upon frantically returning, she stated, â€Å"Oh great! My purse is still here!† andShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts Of Stereotypes On Society799 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact Of Stereotypes on Society â€Å"A stereotype may be negative or positive, but even positive stereotypes present two problems: They are cliches, and they present a human being as far more simple and uniform than any human being actually is†. People need to understand stereotypes because they make people look at others differently even though they are the same as everyone else. They impact our society because every day people are judged either for the color of there skin, gender, or even ethnicityRead MoreImportance Of Stereotypes On Society872 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Instead of being presented with stereotypes by age, sex, color, class, or religion, children must have the opportunity to learn that within each range, some people are loathsome and some are delightful† - Margaret Mead. It is important for us to understand what stereotypes are because its is something that happens to someone every single day. Stereotypes impact society everyday because someone will take a group of people either their age is the same or their color, but that person will think thatRead MoreStereotypes : Sexism And Discrimination701 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Don’t live up to your stereotypes† (Alexie). There are going to be some stereotypes that are false, but you shouldn’t try to change yourself to fit that statement. Sexism and discrimination can come from stereotypes, but they are not true because we are unique in many ways and we can be defined by one label. Stereotypes can be defined as an explained image that creates a meaning for different groups of society, and they impact our society in numerous ways (Stereotype). For example, in an interviewRead MoreHow Women Are Portrayed On Advertising And The Second Looks At This Time1104 Words   |  5 Pagestopic of how women are portrayed in advertising and the impact this has on women in society. 2. State the claim the study supports The scholarly article I am reviewing is a research article that did two separate examinations on the role of humor in gender stereotypes. The first one is the role of humor seen in television advertisements and the second looks at peoples attitudes toward humorous and non-humorous ads that have gender stereotypes in them and how that would affect a persons desire to buyRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of Stereotypes1362 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: In today’s world stereotypes play a huge role. Stereotypes are constantly discussed and spread among members of a society, and usually have a negative message. It is commonly said that a world without these stereotypes is how the world should be. However, this is unachievable. As harmful as a stereotype can be, it is necessary and it is a part of all of our lives. Stereotypes are inevitable and present in all places and therefore are a factor in all human beings lives whether they knowRead MoreStereotype Essay708 Words   |  3 PagesHave you ever felt the impacts of a stereotype? Stereotypes can sometimes make people feel unwanted around people and possibly uncomfortable in their own skin. There’re many different types of stereotypes but they all impact us negatively. Stereotypes can be defined as judgments that people make about others without knowing them personally, and stereotypes impact our society in many ways. For example, in an interview with Guy Raz from NPR, Jamila Lyiscott says that â€Å"You have this lens where you’reRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Four Young Boys 1520 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican society, gender stereotypes and the topic of stereotypes remain a central focus of art and individual discussion. Rob Reiner addresses stereotypes in Reiner’s film Stand by Me when he sheds light on multiple stereotypes in society. Throughout the film, Gordon, Chris, Vern, and Teddy, the main characters in the movie, frequently describe each other with derogatory terms, which characterize stereotypes in American culture. In Reiner’s movie, the four young boys follow the stereotypes that societyRead MoreTalcott Parson s Theory Of Pattern Variables1490 Words   |  6 Pages Individuals often utilize stereotypes as an e asy mechanism to organize and understand different people. Many of these stereotypes are unfortunately negative and are degrading toward a group of people. Further, stereotypes not only overgeneralize this, but can improperly evaluate the group based on ascribed traits (i.e. race, gender, age) and the impact it has on other areas of life, such as academics or work ethic. For example, African Americans are frequently stereotyped as having a lower IQ, performingRead MoreThe Importance Of Stereotypes On Society911 Words   |  4 Pageseyes others are portrayed by outward appearances and not on their background or what they are going through. Stereotypes do nothing but hurt the world, whereas it would be a much better place if we were all united as one and stereotypes didnt exist. Stereotypes can be defined as viewing an entire group of people in a generalized way, and they impact our society in many ways (Stereotype). For example, in an interview with Guy Raz from NPR, Jamila Lyiscott says, â€Å"You have this lens where youreRead MoreInfluence Of Cognitive Biases On Decisions1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe influence of cognitive biases on decisions Society once had a conjecture that only discriminatory people used stereotypes, however, studies in unconscious bias now reveal that we all are guilty of using stereotypes, all the time, without knowing it. Finally, the antagonist of equality has been found, and it is us. With a limited perspective, we all have a bias view of the world, this is because we are only capable of hearing, seeing, and reading what is around us. A definitive version of reality

Famous Trials Al Capone - 1092 Words

Famous Trials: Al Capone The Accused: Al Capone (full name Alphonse Capone), was born into an Italian immigrant family in 1899 in Brooklyn, New York. Capone rose to infamy as the leader of the Chicago outfit during the prohibition era. Prior to being sent to Alcatraz prison for tax evasion, Capone amassed a total income of $100 million as the head of perhaps the most infamous crime syndicate of all time. Once he had served his time for the conviction, Capone died due to a cardiac arrest at the age of 48. The Crime: After years of running a cunning, ruthless crime syndicate, Capone was finally convicted for tax evasion to the amount of over $200,000 by the state in 1931. These charges took precedence over the prohibition violations.†¦show more content†¦A crackdown on racketeering in Chicago forced Capone to move his business to Cicero, where he with the help of his brothers, infiltrated the government and police departments. The three brothers shared leading roles in the government and Capone would kidnap opposing election workers and threaten voters with violence. He eventually won office in Cicero. Capone had always prided himself on keeping his temper, however, when his friend Jack Guzik was assaulted by a thug, Capone himself tracked him down and shot him dead in a bar. Due to a lack of evidence and witnesses, Capone had gotten away with the murder, however his reputation in the public eye was ruined. Capone then moved to the luxurious Metropole Hotel, where he could be seen as a public figure, in a bid to gain back his respect. Capone was different to other ganglords as he never avoided publicity. Instead, Capone showed up smartly dressed to show that he was not only a businessman, but a pillar of the community. Capone’s next big operation was bootlegging whiskey into Chicago with an old friend, Frankie Yale. To repay him, Capone had then set out on infamous event now known as the Adonis Club Massacre. Capone had brutally attacked Yale’s enemies at a christmas party. During a shoot out between the police and some of Capone’s hunch men, officer Billy McSwiggen was shot down. Capone was blamed with his murder, but yet again due to a lack of evidence was let off. This had officially set theShow MoreRelatedCrj100 Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesstages of a criminal trial is going to Trail. It is when things actually begin to take place in count and that is when the real judgment takes place. Nothing really matters until it is proven in cou rt. By going to trail, it is basically the conclusion to the case, once it is over. Being found guilty or not guilty by the jury and/or the judge is where this happens. There can be up to nine steps in this criminal trial. All of which that leads up to the trail part of the criminal trial. It is found toRead MoreEssay about The Notorious Al Capone1406 Words   |  6 Pagessome of the most notorious minds and of these included the most well-known, Al Capone. Capone began to take over the Chicago area in 1925 as a young bartender and eventually controlling the criminal network. From bootlegging and racketeering, Al Capone became one of the most influential gangsters in history with control over the judicial and political powers that would soon come to an end as quickly as it started. Capone saw the prohibition movement coming and acted on it with a business mind. HeRead MoreAl Capone Essay example1178 Words   |  5 PagesAl Capone was a child from an Italian immigrant family, And was one of the most famous Mafia leader in the world during the Prohibition Era in Chicago. Also he was known as Scarface, Al capone was sent to Alcatraz Prison in Philadelphia in 1931 from a tax evasion conviction. Al Capone had a personal fortune estimated at $100 million and was responsible for countless murders, His most famous one was the St.Valentine’s Day Massacre. Al Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, on January 17,1899Read MoreAl Capone was a Notorious Mafia Leader1212 Words   |  5 PagesAl Capone was a child from an Italian immigrant family, And was one of the most Notorious and infamous Mafia leader in the world during the Prohibition Era in Chicago. Also he was known as Scarface, Al Capone was sent to Alcatraz Prison in Philadelphia in 1931 from a tax evasion conviction. Al Capone had a personal fortune estimated at $100 million and was responsible for countless murders, His most famous one was the St.Valentine’s Day Massacre. Al Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, on JanuaryRead MoreAl Capone: The King of Chicago Essay830 Words   |  4 Pagesbrought out be the famous gangster, Al Capone. Al Capone, whose life as a criminal began at a young age, made Chicago known for violence and crime. Al Capone didn’t start out in Chicago, he was born in Brooklyn New York to Teresa and Gabriel Capone, who immigrated to the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century (Woog 25). Growing up Capone had an average grade score and almost perfect attendance, but his behavior was a different story. At the age of fourteen Capone struck his teacherRead MoreThe Leader Of The Bootlegging Operations During The War On Drugs1280 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout times there have been many great leaders and societies or organizations that have risen to power that has attracted the looks of many. During the prohibition it was Al Capone’s gang and during the war on drugs it’s the Mexican Drug Cartel and their leader Omar Trevià ±o Morales. The two groups follow similar paths, at first glance they have different types of leaders but they have grown to power in similar environments that deal with their enemies in a similar fashion. With every greatRead MoreThe Struggling Attempts of the Government and Police Essay examples1701 Words   |  7 Pagestime where one of the most notorious gangsters known in America. Alfonso Capone or also known as Scar Face became very wealthy and powerful on prohibition. He was a very proud citizen of America who often said, â€Å"I am not Italian, I was born and raised in Brooklyn. He went to school with Salvatore Lucania who eventually became known as Lucky Luciano. At about the age of fourteen Capone and Lucania dropped out of school after Capone struck a teacher. After they dropped out they joined the gang knownRead MoreEssay on Al Capone1697 Words   |  7 PagesAl Capone In 1920, the United States entered a new stage in its life, the Era of Prohibition. However, flaws in the planning, execution, and administration caused this noble idea to vacillate unquestionably. However, men who were willing to break the law were the ones that were able to build a lucrative life for themselves; one such man was Alphonse Capone. However, honest men such as Elliot Ness fought adamantly to defend their morals, beliefs, and the law of the land. Nevertheless, Capone wasRead More Al Capone Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages Al Capone still remains one of the most notable residents of quot;the Rock.quot; In a memoir written by Warden James Johnston, he reminisced about the intensity of public interest around Capones imprisonment, stating that he was continually barraged with questions about quot;Big Al.quot; Each day newspapers and press flooded his office with phone calls, wanting to know everything from how Capone liked the weather on quot;the Rock,quot; to what job assi gnment he was currently holding. BeforeRead MoreBootlegging and Al Capone Essay1895 Words   |  8 Pagesbootlegging business (Rose). Chicago was the height of bootlegging and Al Capone took advantage of that. Capone had moved to Chicago in 1919 with Johnny Torrio (Rose). Once in Chicago, he moved his way up in the mobster life; Capone went from a gang member, to Johnny Torrio’s right hand man, to the boss (Encyclopedia of World Biography). As the boss of one of the largest organized crime mobs, he proved himself as an entrepreneur. Capone shortly became the head of Chicago’s largest speakeasies, bookie joints

Immigration Problem Essay Example For Students

Immigration Problem Essay The world has gone through a revolution and it has changed a lot. We have cutthe death rates around the world with modern medicine and new farming methods. For example, we sprayed to destroy mosquitoes in Sri Lanka in the 1950s. In oneyear, the average life of everyone in Sri Lanka was extended by eight yearsbecause the number of people dying from malaria suddenly declined. This was agreat human achievement. But we cut the death rate without cutting the birthrate. Now population is soaring. There were about one billion people living inthe world when the Statue of Liberty was built. There are 4.5 billion today. World population is growing at an enormous rate. The world is going to add abillion people in the next eleven years, thats 224,000 every day! Experts saythere will be at least 1.65 billion more people living in the world in the nexttwenty years. We must understand what these numbers mean for the U.S. Lets lookat the question of jobs. The International Labor organization projects atwenty-year increase of 600 to 700 million people who will be seeking jobs. Eighty-eight percent of the worlds population growth takes place in the ThirdWorld. More than a billion people today are paid about 150 dollars a year, whichis less than the average American earns in a week. And growing numbers of thesepoorly paid Third World citizens want to come to the United States. In the1970s, all other countries that accept immigrants started controlling the numberof people they would allow into theircountries. The United States did not. Thismeans that the huge numbers of immigrants who are turned down elsewhere willturn to the United States. The number of immigrants is staggering. The humansuffering they represent is a nightmare. Latin Americas population is now 390million people. It will be 800 million in the year 2025. Mexicos population hastripled since the Second World War. One third of the population of Mexico isunder ten years of age, as a result, in just ten years, Mexicos unemploymentrate will increase 30 percent, as these children become young adults, in searchof work. There were in1990 an estimated four million illegal aliens in theUnited States, and about 55 percent of them were from Mexico. These people lookto the United States. Human population has always moved, like waves, to freshlands. But for the first time in human history, there are no fresh lands, no newcontinents. We will have to think and decide with great care what our policyshould be toward immigration. At this point in history, American immigrationpolicies are in a mess. Our borders are totally out of control. Our borderpatrol arrests 3000 illegal immigrants per day, or 1.2 million per year, and Twoillegal immigrants get in for every one caught. And those caught just try again!More than 1 million people are entering the U.S. legally every year. From 1983through 1992, 8.7 million of these newcomers arrived-the highest number in any10-year period since 1910. A record 1.8 million were granted permanent residencein 1991. Because present law stresses family unificatio n, these arrivals canbring over their spouses, sons and daughters: some 3.5 million are now in lineto come in. Once here, they can bring in their direct relatives. As a result,there exists no visible limit to the number of legal entries. Until a few yearsago, immigrants seeking asylum were rare. In 1975, a total of 200 applicationswere received in the U.S. Suddenly, asylum is the plea of choice in the U.S.,and around the world, often as a cover for economic migration. U.S. applicationswere up to 103,000 last year, and the backlog tops 300,000 cases. Under thepresent asylum rules, practically anyone who declares that he or she is fleeingpolitical oppression has a good chance to enter the U.S. Chinese are almostalways admitted, for example, if they claim that Chinas birth-control policieshave limited the number of children they can have. Right now, once aliens enterthe U.S., it is almost impossible to deport them, even if they have no validdocuments. Thousands of those who enter illeg ally request asylum only if theyare caught. The review process can take 10 years or more, and applicants oftensimply disappear while it is under way. Asylum cases are piling up faster thanthey can be cleared, with the Immigration and Naturalization Service fallingfarther behind every year. At her confirmation hearings at the end of September,Doris Meissner, Clintons nominee as commissioner of the Immigration andNaturalization Services, conceded, The asylum system is broken, and we need tofix it. Adding the numbers of legal and illegal immigrants, 50 percent of allU.S. population growth comes from immigration. While Americans try to havesmaller families, immigration threatens our nation. If immigration ratescontinue to be this high, more than seventy million people will be added to theUnited States population in just fifty years, with no end in sight. We aretaking in more people than all of the rest of the world combined. As have allthe other countries of the word, America needs to c ontrol its borders. As everyhouse needs a door, so every country needs a border. And yet, our borders arefull of holes. We have clearly lost control over our future. Our children willpay the price of uncontrolled immigration. The United States is no longer anempty continent. In 1886, when the Statue of Liberty was built, there were 58million people in the United States. In 1984 there were 240 million people,thats four times the total population in less then a century The U.S. cannotand should not be the home of last resort for all the world s poor, huddledmasses. We are not doing a good job with our own poor, as we see more peoplewithout jobs. Supporters of immigration use many arguments to support theirside. Lets look at a few of these arguments: Illegal immigrants take jobs noAmericans want. The fact is that the average illegal immigrant arrested inDenver, Colorado, made more than seven dollars an hour. Many were making over100 dollars per day. Denver identified 43 illegal aliens making 100 dollars perday as roofers, while 438 people were registered in their employment serviceswho would have loved those jobs. The average illegal immigrant arrested inChicago makes $5.65 an hour. More than thirty million American workers make lessthan that. A common belief is that aliens fulfill many of the least desirablejobs. However, most experts agree that in todays economy,there is no shortageof Americans competing for many of these same jobs. Actually, many Americansalready work in these low-paying jobs. For example: the poor black woman, whoworks as a seamstress, Her boss asked her to train a new employee, an illegalimmigrant. As soon as she finished training her new charge, she was fired. Herposition, of course, went to the illegal immigrant, who was willing to work forless pay, and under deplorable working conditions. This is one example of howillegal workers depress wages, and slow, stall or prevent unionization orimprovements to working conditions. Another myth cite d by supporters ofimmigration is that illegal immigrants work hard, pay taxes, and do not go onwelfare. Thesad truth is that these folks seem to learn the ropes of the welfaresystem with incredible speed. Todays illegal immigrants apply for and receivebenefits from the government that citizens need. According to Donald L. Huddle,an economist at Rice University in Texas, legal and illegal immigrants cost thenation a net 42.5 billion dollars in 1992.The Huddle study also found that in1992, more than 2 million Americans were displaced from their jobs by illegalimmigrants. This resulted in an additional 11.9 billion dollars in publicassistance. In California alone, they cost more than 18 billion dollars a year. .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .postImageUrl , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:hover , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:visited , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:active { border:0!important; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:active , .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446 .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ee98c67ca92f65ba3fb040e827ec446:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hunger and Poverty EssayCalifornia currently has an estimated 300,000 illegal immigrants now attendinggrades 0-12. This will costs the California tax payers an estimated 1.5 billiondollars. This is 10 percent of the students currently enrolled in our elementaryschools today! California has 49.8 percent of the countries illegal aliens,therefore, California pays multiple costs for its leaky borders. Providinghealth care for illegal immigrants costs California tax payers 400 milliondollars annually. Illegals drain about twobillion dollars a year forincarceration, schooling and Medicaid from the budgets of such major destinationstates as Texas, Florida and California. For Cali fornia alone, a 1993 study bythe California Legislature estimates criminal justice costs involving illegalimmigrants to be 385 million dollars to the state, with an additional 112million dollars to local or county government. This is a total cost of 497million dollars, paid by the California tax payer, each and every year! Illinoisdid a study showing that it paid 66 million dollars in unemployment benefits toillegal immigrants in one year, despite alaw that was supposed to stop illegalimmigrants from getting unemployment benefits. Los Angeles estimates that itspends 269 million dollars in social services on illegal immigrants each year. Every person added to our population drains our natural resources andcontributes to the destruction of our environment. In a Pulitzer-Prize-winningstudy, the Des Moines Register found that for every person added to ourpopulation, 1.5 acres of the richest farm land goes out of production to makeway for new houses, roads, and shopping centers. If this continues, the UnitedStates will stop shipping food to other countries shortly after the year 2000. How can the United States feed the hungry people of the world? The nationalmajority now says it favors cutting back on legal immigration. A TIME/CNN polldetermined last week that 77 percent of those surveyed felt the government wasnot doing enough to keep out illegal immigrants. For years now, the battle hasraged between the federal authorities who are supposed to police the borders andthe states who pay the price if they fail. In an attempt to reduce illegalimmigration, Nevada Senator Harry Reid, has introduced a bill that wouldestablish an annual limit of 300,000 newcomers, including immediaterelatives, and a national identification card. Congress passed legislation in1986 that stipulates fines and other penalties for employers who knowingly hireillegal aliens. The bill includes provisions to grant amnesty to illegal alienswho were in the United States prior to January 1, 1982, and to aid farmers whohave relied on illegal aliens to harvest their crops. Does anyone benefit fromthe r ising tide of illegal immigration? Businesses that can profit fromemploying illegals at low wages do. And many illegals are better off here thanin their own countries. But many others are exploited by dishonest employersandare treated like slaves. These immigrants are denied the rights andprivileges we want every person in the United States to enjoy. In closing, wemust all realize this issue will not go away. Other generations of Americansmade great sacrifices so that we today can enjoy the freedom, the quality oflife, and the standard of living that we have. When I think of what uncontrolledimmigration will do to the dreams of my parents and grandparents, what it willmean to the future of my children, I realize that we will find a way to controlimmigration. Because we must. BibliographyPrimary And Secondary Sources (These listings are in order of theirimportance, in category.)Immigration: Identifying PropagandaTechniques Bonnie Szumski ; JoAnne Buggey, Ph.D.College of Education,University of Minnesota(Greenhaven Press 1989)Immigration-OpposingViewpoints David Bender Bruno Leone, Series Editors William Dudley,Book Editor(Greenhaven Press 1990)The Essential Immigrant DanLacey(Hippocrene Books 1990)Immigration Kelly C. Anderson(LucentBooks 1993)Immigration-A pictorial History of Oscar Handlin(CrownPublishers 1972)Immigrants, Refugees, and U.S. Policy Grant SMcClellan(H. W. Wilson Company 1981)Immigration and Illegal AliensMark A. Siegel, M.A., Ph.D. Nancy R. Jacobs, B.A., M.A. Patricia A. Von Brook,B.A., M.S.(Information Plus 1989)